<aside> 💡 A phrase is a group of words that do not include both a subject and a verb. A group of words that has a subject and verb is a clause (see clauses).

</aside>

In English grammar, phrases are groups of words that function as a single unit but don't necessarily have both a subject and a verb. There are several types of phrases based on the central word or function:

1. Nominal (noun) phrases (NP): These are centered around a noun. They can consist of just one noun or a pronoun, or they can have modifiers.
   • Example: "A quick brown fox" or "they"
2. Verb Phrases (VP): These consist of a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs (auxiliary verbs).
   • Example: "is running" or "has been sleeping"
3. Adjective Phrases (AdjP): These are built around an adjective. They can consist of just one adjective or an adjective with its modifiers and complements.
   • Example: "very happy" or "red as a rose"
4. Adverb Phrases (AdvP): Centered around an adverb, these can consist of just one adverb or an adverb with its modifiers.
   • Example: "very quickly" or "quite suddenly"
5. Prepositional phrases (PP): These begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition.
   • Example: "in the park" or "under the bed"
6. Infinitive phrases: These begin with the word "to" followed by the base form of a verb and can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
   • Example: "to read a book" or "to swim"
7. Gerund phrases: These begin with a gerund, which is the -ing form of a verb, and function as nouns.
   • Example: "reading a book" or "swimming in the pool"
8. Participial phrases: These begin with a present or past participle (typically ending in -ing, -ed, -en, etc.) and function as adjectives.
   • Example: "broken by the storm" or "burning with passion"
9. Absolute phrases: These are a group of words that modify an independent clause as a whole. They often combine a noun and a participle with accompanying modifiers or objects.
   • Example: "His hands trembling, John opened the letter."
10. Appositive phrases: These rename or re-identify a noun or pronoun nearby, often set off by commas.

• Example: "My best friend, a talented musician, won the award."

It's worth noting that phrases can sometimes combine. For instance, a noun phrase might include a prepositional phrase as a modifier. Each type of phrase serves a unique function in a sentence, helping to provide clarity and detail.